In order to understand the influence of different material parameters on the protective performance of protective structure, the numerical simulation of the protective performance of aluminum foam material was carried out. The attenuation characteristics of blast wave were studied by using AUTOUDYN software to simulate single aluminum foam as protective material. According to the characteristics of cylindrical axisymmetry, a simplified 2 dimensional simulation model is established, and a two-dimensional Euler multi-material algorithm is used to numerically simulate a single aluminum foam cylindrical protective structure. The results show that aluminum foam has a remarkable attenuation effect on shock wave, which can be used in the related composite protective structure. And it also provides reference for application of foam aluminum in related complex defense structure.