In order to deeply study the connotation and evolution law of emergency material supply capability, an emergency material supply capability system is constructed from the perspectives of function, element and system, which consists of four dimensions: command and operation research capability, material financing capability, material supply capability and information management capability; the index system is reduced and optimized based on principal component analysis, and the weights of indexes at all levels are determined by triangular fuzzy analytic hierarchy process. The results show that the system can provide theoretical support for the optimization of emergency supplies supply capacity.