In response to the problem that traditional camouflage effect evaluation is not applicable to large-scale aerial images, a method for evaluating aerial optical camouflage effect based on image saliency is proposed. Using frequency tuned (FT) models to generate global saliency maps and saliency region maps, and using residual spectrum (SR) models to generate local saliency maps; Calculate three indicators: global significance mean, proportion of significant regions, and local significance mean based on saliency maps; By using the entropy weight method to synthesize three indicators, a comprehensive significance evaluation coefficient is obtained to quantify the evaluation. Optical images of disguised targets in the air are obtained under forest and snow backgrounds for experimental verification. The results show that this method can effectively reflect the differences in camouflage effects, outperform the target background similarity weighted model, and can optimize camouflage schemes based on saliency maps.