In order to obtain a more efficient and stable cache data control method, an asynchronous FIFO cache data overflow control system based on field programmable gate array (FPGA) is designed. A storage control scheme is designed to obtain the system hardware based on FPGA; a cache data storage overflow model is established to obtain the maximum solution of the minimum value of the residual energy of the data node, and the storage data is judged whether to overflow under the function model; a data overflow control algorithm is designed to obtain the software of the cache data overflow control system. The monitoring performance and control performance of data overflow are tested respectively, and the experimental results show that the remaining energy consumption of this method is higher, which shows that this method has good monitoring and control performance for cache data.